![]() ( Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, pp.264-265) When the author of a work is overtly designated as "Anonymous," "Anonymous" takes the place of the author name in the in-text citation." Magazine article with no author: ("Understanding Sensory Memory," 2018) If the title is long, shorten it for the in-text citation."īook with no author: ( Interpersonal Skills, 2019) Capitalize these titles in the text using title case, even though sentence case is used in the reference list entry. If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference, use double quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation. If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation. "When the author of a work is not named, the author may be unknown (i.e., no author is listed on the work, as with a religious work) or identified specifically as "Anonymous." For works with an unknown author, include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation (note that the title moves to the author position in the reference list entry as well). ( Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, pp.263-264) When multiple citations are cited narratively within a sentence, they can appear in any order. Use only the year with a letter in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a more specific date. The year-letter combination is used in both the in-text and the reference list entry. These letters are assigned when the references are placed in order in the reference list (alphabetically by title). Provide the author's surname once and then just the date for subsequent works.įor multiple references that have an identical author (or authors) and publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year. (Carson, 2019 Lewis et al., 2020 Sanders & Turner, 2018)įor two or more works by the same author, arrange by the year of publication. Place the citations with no date first. Parenthetical citations of multiple works are listed alphabetically and separated with semicolons. In their 2019 essay, Fitzgerald and Gershuny discuss challenges, tools, and opportunities for the future of agriculture.įor further information, see Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, pp.262-263. When this happens do not use parentheses.įitzgerald and Gershuny (2019) describe how humans have a stewardship obligation to both the land and to future generations. If you include the author's name in the sentence, do not include it in the parentheses. Occasionally the author's name and the date both appear in the text. Usually the author's name appears in the text and the date appears in parentheses immediately after the author's name. Humanity needs to rethink our agricultural practices to make them sustainable by becoming stewards of the land (Fitzgerald & Gershuny, 2019). When it is at the end of a sentence, the period appears after the closing parenthesis. A parenthetical citation can go at the end of the sentence or within it. ![]() In a parenthetical citationboth the author and the date appear in parenthesis and are separated by a comma. In narrative citations, the author's name and publication date is included in the text as part of the sentence. In parenthetical citations, the author's name and the publication date appear in parentheses. ![]() There are two formats for in-text citations - parenthetical and narrative.
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